Ijambo ry'ibanze
Graphite ningirakamaro itari - ubutare bwamabuye y'agaciro afite ibyuma bibiri bidasanzwe kandi bitari -. Azwi nk "umutungo wingenzi ushyigikira iterambere rya tekinoroji - mu kinyejana cya 21" kandi kuva kera uzwi nka "zahabu yumukara". Hejuru - grafite isuku yerekana grafite ifite karubone irenga 99,99%. Iranga ubwiza buhebuje - amavuta, imbaraga nyinshi, amashanyarazi meza, aside / alkali / ruswa / kurwanya ubushyuhe, coeffisiyoneri yo kwaguka kwinshi, imiti idasanzwe ihagaze neza, imikorere yikimenyetso kinini, hamwe nuburyo bumwe kandi bwuzuye. Ikoreshwa cyane mubuhanga bwamashanyarazi, metallurgie, ingabo zigihugu, ikirere, ingufu, inganda zimiti nizindi nzego. By'umwihariko, igira uruhare rukomeye kandi rukomeye mu nganda zigenda ziyongera nko gutegura ibikoresho bya semiconductor ya gatatu -, inganda za kirimbuzi, n’inganda zifotora amashanyarazi, bigira ingaruka - bigera ku bukungu bw’Ubushinwa.
1. Ibyiza bya Graphite Ore
Graphite ni minerval igizwe nibintu bya karubone, umukara wijimye wijimye hamwe na metallic luster na anisotropy. Ubucucike bwayo ni 2.09-2.23 g / cm³, gushonga dogere 3850, guteka dogere 4250, ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza ubushyuhe 6.9036 × 10⁷ J / kg, byerekana ubushyuhe buhebuje.
2. Hejuru - Igishushanyo mbonera
2.1Ibisanzwe Hejuru - Igishushanyo mbonera
Ukurikije ibikoresho bibisi hamwe nuburyo bwo gutegura, igishushanyo mbonera - cyera gishobora kugabanywa murwego rwo hejuru - igishushanyo mbonera cyiza na syntetique yo hejuru -.
Kamere isanzwe - isuku ya grafite ikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye bitewe nubushobozi bwayo bwiza bwamashanyarazi nubushyuhe, nkibikoresho bivunika, anti - ingese, amashanyarazi ya karubone, generator, amavuta, nibikoresho birinda inganda za kirimbuzi. Syntetike yo hejuru - isuku ya grafite, hamwe na morphologie imwe hamwe nogukwirakwiza ingano yingirakamaro, ikoreshwa muri anode yabanjirije, grafite idasanzwe, inganda za kirimbuzi nizindi nzego. Uburyo bwo gutegura uburyo bwo hejuru - grafite isuku iratandukanye nibikoresho bitandukanye.
Nta gishushanyo kiboneye kiri muri kamere. Ubucukuzi bwa Graphite bukunze kubamo umwanda nka SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, CaO, P₂O₅, CuO, ubusanzwe ibaho nk'amabuye y'agaciro nka quartz, pyrite, karubone, hamwe n'ibice bya gaze birimo amazi, asfalt, CO₂, H₂, CH₄, na N₂. Kubwibyo, isesengura rya grafite risaba kugena ibintu bitarimo karubone gusa ariko nanone ibintu bihindagurika nibirimo ivu. Igishushanyo mbonera cya graphite kigamije gukuraho neza iyo myanda. Iyo hejuru yubuziranenge bwa grafite (ni ukuvuga, hejuru ya karubone), agaciro kayo niko kwaguka kwagutse.
Gutegura grafite yo hejuru - itunganijwe neza muri grafite isanzwe ikubiyemo kweza kwambere ubutare bwa grafite ukoresheje flotation, kurushaho kweza flotation yibanze hamwe na alkali - uburyo bwa acide cyangwa uburyo bwa acide hydrofluoric, hanyuma amaherezo ukabona ibicuruzwa bya - byubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa -.
2.2 Sintetike Yisumbuye - Igishushanyo mbonera
Ubukorikori bwa syntetique muri rusange bivuga ibikoresho bya grafite byakozwe mugukoresha peteroli - nziza ya kokiya ya peteroli hamwe na kokiya ya kokiya nka agregate, ukongeramo ikariso yamakara nka binder nibindi bikoresho, hanyuma hagakurikiraho uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru -. Mubisanzwe, ibikoresho fatizo bivurwa mbere hanyuma bigashyirwa mubushyuhe budasanzwe - ubushyuhe bwo gushushanya no kweza. Ubwoko bw'itanura nyamukuru burimo itanura rya Acheson, itanura ryimbere ryimbere, hamwe nitanura ryamashanyarazi. Ubushyuhe bukabije bwa ultra - mu itanura bishushanya kokiya ya peteroli na kokiya ya pisine, na gaze ya halogene itangizwa kugira ngo ikore umwanda, hanyuma igahumeka kandi igahinduka kugira ngo ibone grafite yo hejuru -.
Nubwo igice cyumwanda uri muri peteroli ya kokiya na kokiya ya pisine gishobora gukurwaho mugihe cyo kubara ubushyuhe - mubushuhe bwogukora umusaruro mwinshi - grafite yera, haribisabwa neza kubintu bya sulfuru nibivu mubikoresho bya peteroli ya kokiya. Hamwe nogukoresha kwinshi - amavuta ya sulforo, kokiya ya peteroli - nayo iragenda yiyongera. Kugira ngo - sulfure ikenewe kuri peteroli ya kokiya ya sintetike yo hejuru ya - itunganijwe neza, intiti nyinshi zakoze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse - ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo bukwiye kandi bunoze bwa peteroli ya kokiya.
Graphite isukuye igena imikorere ya serivise nibintu byuzuye bya grafite yimbitse - ibicuruzwa bitunganya. Hejuru yubuziranenge, niko gusaba agaciro. Urugero:
Igishushanyo nkibikoresho bya anode ya bateri ya lithium - ion bisaba ubuziranenge hejuru ya 99,98%;
Igishushanyo mbonera cya diyama yubukorikori isaba ubuziranenge hejuru ya 99,999%, hamwe na boron iri munsi ya 0.01 × 10⁻⁶;
Igishushanyo cyihariye cyo mu kirere, kurinda igihugu, n’inganda za kirimbuzi bisaba ubuziranenge bwa 99% ~ 99,99% cyangwa birenze;
Ifu ya Graphite yo gushushanya icya gatatu - ibisekuruza bya semiconductor SiC wafers bisaba ubuziranenge kugeza kuri 99,9995% cyangwa hejuru.
Isuku rya Graphite nurufatiro rwo gutegura ibikoresho byose bya grafite nikibazo rusange mugutezimbere ibikoresho bya grafite. Uburyo bwo kweza graphite hamwe no gukoresha ingufu nke, ubushobozi bwinshi, hamwe n’umwanda muke nibyo byibandwaho muri R&D.
3. Ikoranabuhanga rya Graphite
3.1 Uburyo bwo guhinduranya
Gukoresha uburyo bwiza bwo kureremba bwa grafite karemano, inzira ya flotation hamwe na - ibyiciro bitemba bigenewe gutandukanya flake grafite cyangwa microcrystalline grafite namabuye y'agaciro ajyanye na kaolin, quartz, na mika mumabuye asanzwe ya grafite. Iri koranabuhanga rirashobora gukungahaza cyane ubutare bwa grafite karemano hamwe n amanota ari munsi ya 20% mubushakashatsi bwa grafite hamwe nubuziranenge bwa 95%, bukoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango habeho umusaruro mwinshi -.
3.2 Alkali - Uburyo bwa Acide
Igikorwa cyo kweza kirimo alkali fusion na asideolysis. Mu guhuza alkali, umwanda uri muri grafite nka Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, CaO witwara hamwe na NaOH ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugirango ube amazi - hydroxide idashonga; imyanda imwe n'imwe (urugero, SiO₂) itanga amazi - ibicuruzwa bishonga, bivanwaho no kumena amazi no gukaraba. Muri acideolysis, grafite na hydroxide nyuma yo guhuza alkali ivangwa na aside hydrochloric ya acide yibintu bimwe na bimwe byo gushiramo ubushyuhe, ikabihindura muri chloride ya elegitoronike hanyuma igakaraba n'amazi. Hejuru - grafite isuku ifite isuku iri hejuru ya 99% irashobora kuboneka nyuma ya acideolysis.
Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwa alkali - aside ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, hamwe nibyiza nko gushora igihe gito - ishoramari ryigihe, urwego rwo hejuru, hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwo guhuza n'imihindagurikire. Nyamara, ifite kandi imbogamizi zirimo - yo kubara ubushyuhe bukabije, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, igihe kinini cyo kubyitwaramo, kwangirika kw'ibikoresho bikomeye, gutakaza grafite nini, no kwanduza amazi mabi.
3.3 Uburyo bwo gutwika Chlorine
Kuri dogere 1000, gaze ya chlorine yinjizwa muri grafite. Ukoresheje ibintu bikomeye bya okiside ya chlorine, umwanda wa oxyde oxyde muri grafite uba oxyde muri chloride hamwe nubushyuhe buke bwa gaze. Muri ubu bushyuhe, chloride yicyuma irashobora guhumeka vuba kandi ikarekurwa kubwinshi, ikamenya kweza grafite.
Gutekesha Chlorination muri rusange bikoreshwa nkuburyo bwinyongera bwo kweza grafite, guhuza nibindi bikorwa, kandi bifite ibyiza bigaragara cyane mugukuraho umwanda wibyuma. Nyamara, uburozi, kwangirika no kwanduza ibidukikije bya chlorine bigabanya kumenyekanisha iki gikorwa ku rugero runaka. Mubyongeyeho, biragoye kubyara ultra - hejuru - grafite yera, kandi sisitemu idahindagurika nayo igira ingaruka mubikorwa byayo.
3.4 Uburyo bwa Acide Hydrofluoric
Umwanda uri mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ukorana na aside hydrofluoric kugirango ubyare amazi - fluoride ya fluoride na fluorosilicates, bivanwaho no gukaraba amazi kugirango ubone grafite yo hejuru -.
Ibyiza byingenzi byuburyo bwa hydrofluoric aside nuburyo bwiza bwo kuvanaho umwanda, urwego rwo hejuru rwibicuruzwa, ingaruka nke kumikorere ya grafite, no gukoresha ingufu nke. Ikibi ni uko aside hydrofluoric ifite ubumara bukabije kandi bwangirika, bisaba ingamba zikomeye zo kurinda umutekano mu musaruro, kandi ishoramari ryinshi ryo kurengera ibidukikije rigabanya cyane guhangana n’ubukungu.
3.5 Hejuru - Uburyo bwo kweza ubushyuhe
Ukurikije ihame rivuga ko grafite ifite aho itetse cyane mugihe izindi mwanda zifite aho zitetse, grafite karemano irimo karubone igera kuri 80% ishyirwa mu itanura ryo kweza kuri dogere 1500 kugirango gazi ikure kandi ikureho umwanda muto -. Hanyuma yinjira mu itanura kuri 2500Impamyabumenyi 2800 kugirango ikureho umwanda mwinshi, hanyuma itanura kuri 2800Impamyabumenyi 3200 hamwe na gaze ya HF na HCl. Iyi myuka ifata imyanda myinshi - itetse ibyuma byubushyuhe bukabije kugirango bibeho - fluoride na chloride bitetse, bihumeka kandi bigasohoka. Muri ubu buryo, grafite karemano isukurwa kugeza 99,99% ~ 99,9998% bya karubone.
Ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka nziza kuri grafite harimo ubuziranenge bwibikoresho, ibishushanyo mbonera bya grafite, uburyo bwo gushyushya ibishushanyo, nubunini bwa grafite. Iyi nzira ifite ibisabwa cyane kugirango isuku yibikoresho bibisi, ubwiza bwibikoresho hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryibikoresho, hamwe n’ingufu nyinshi n’ishoramari rinini. Kubwibyo, ubu ikoreshwa ryayo rifite aho rigarukira, cyane cyane mubice byihariye nko mu kirere, kurinda igihugu ndetse n’inganda za kirimbuzi bifite ubuziranenge bwa grafite.
3.6 Uburyo bwo kweza gazi ya Halogene
Hejuru - iherezo ryinganda zikoreshwa mu nganda (urugero, inganda zikoresha igice) zisaba ubuziranenge bwa grafite hejuru ya 99,999%, bidashobora kugerwaho no kweza ubushyuhe bwonyine -. Inganda muri rusange zikoresha uburyo bwo kweza gaze ya halogene (nanone yitwa kweza umubiri). Hamwe n'ubushyuhe bw'itanura hamwe na dogere ya vacuum, umwanda umwe mubicuruzwa bya grafite bihindagurika mu buryo bwikora. Kubindi byanduye bisaba ubushyuhe bwinshi, imyuka ya halogene (cyane cyane chlorine na hydrocarbone ya halogene) ihindura mo kabiri hamwe no gushonga no guteka. Mubikorwa byahujwe, umwanda ukurwaho kugirango ugere kuri grafite.
4. Gushyira mu bikorwa - Igishushanyo mbonera
4.1 Ibikoresho byo gusiga
Nka kimwe mubisanzwe bisiga amavuta, imiterere ya grafite itanga ubwayo - amavuta yo kwisiga. Munsi yo kwikuramo no gukata mugihe cyo guterana kwumye hamwe nicyuma, ibice bya grafite biranyerera, bigakora firime yoroheje ya transfert yoherejwe hejuru yicyuma cya microscopique. Kubwibyo, coefficente yumye yumye hagati ya grafite nicyuma iri munsi yibyo hagati yibyuma, bigatuma iba isanzwe - ibikoresho byo gusiga.
Ibyuma mubyuma - ibishushanyo mbonera bya grafite mubisanzwe birimo 45 # ibyuma, 40Cr ibyuma, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ibyuma bikozwe mucyuma, umuringa wumuringa, nibindi. Kugabanya ubushyamirane no kwambara hagati yubukanishi bwububiko nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kuzamura imikorere nubuzima bwa serivisi yibice bya mashini. Kwiga ingaruka zumutwaro, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko wo kunyerera, hejuru ya morfologiya hamwe nuburyo bifasha kwagura ubuzima bwa serivisi ya grafite - ibyuma byo guteranya ibyuma.
4.2
Igishushanyo cyagutse gishobora gutunganywa muburyo bworoshye nyuma yo kuvura -, hamwe na coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe buke (1 × 10⁻⁶ ~ 30 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹). Ntishobora gucika intege cyangwa gucika ku bushyuhe buke, cyangwa koroshya cyangwa kunyerera ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
Ugereranije nibikoresho gakondo bifunga kashe (asibesitosi, reberi, selile hamwe nibigize), grafite yoroheje ifite ubushyuhe bwagutse bwa serivisi (dogere 200 ~ 450 mukirere). Kubwibyo, kwagura grafite ikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo gufunga imashini, metallurgie, imodoka, kubaka ubwato, peteroli nubundi buryo.
4.3 Umuriro - Ibikoresho bidindiza
Grafite yagutse irashobora kwongerwaho na polymers, resin, nibindi kugirango bitange ibikoresho bidafite umuriro. Mugihe habaye umuriro, grafite yaguka yaguka byihuse kugirango igire urwego rwagutse rwubushyuhe bwumuriro hejuru yibintu, bitanga ubushyuhe bwiza kandi bikabuza kurekura imyuka yubumara.
4.4 Ibikoresho bya Electrode
Grafite yagutse ikoreshwa mugutegura ibikoresho bitandukanye bya electrode ya batiri bitewe nubuso bwayo bukora cyane, imiterere ihanitse ya chimique, imiyoboro myiza yumuriro n amashanyarazi, hamwe no gutegura byoroshye. Imiterere ihamye igabanya neza kwagura ingano yibikoresho bya electrode (urugero, muri bateri ya Li / S cyangwa Li / Si) mugihe cyamagare, bitezimbere ubuzima bwikiziga.
Byongeye kandi, intera nini ihuza intera yagutse itanga umwanya munini wo guhuza Li⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ mu byuma bya batiri ya kabiri {lithium - ion, sodium - ion, magnesium - ion, zinc - ion). Ikigereranyo cyagutse gishobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya electrode ya supercapacitor.
Mubyongeyeho, kwagura grafite igizwe na polymer matrix biroroshye, hasi - igiciro kandi byoroshye kubumba. Ibikoresho byamashanyarazi birashobora guhinduka cyane muguhindura dosiye ya grafite yagutse.
4.5 Gakondo kandi Hejuru - Gukora Impera
Metallurgical electrode ninganda zikora inganda ningenzi gakondo zikoreshwa muri grafite, zikoreshwa cyane mugushongesha electrode no gutwikisha ibishishwa byibyuma, umuringa, aluminium nibindi byuma bitari -. Ibisabwa kuri grafite mugukora amakaramu bikomeza kuba bihamye.
Ibikoresho bya Graphite biranga imiterere yoroshye, kubungabunga - kubuntu, kwambara birwanya, umutwaro uremereye - ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira no guhangana ningaruka zikomeye, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho binini - byapima ibikoresho bya nucleaire, hydropower, aerosmace hamwe nubutaka bwa gisirikare.
4.6 Ibikoresho by'ingufu za kirimbuzi
Igishushanyo cy’ingufu za kirimbuzi gikoreshwa cyane mu nsi ya gaze ya - ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - reaction zikonje, nk'umuyoboro, ibintu bya lisansi n'ibikoresho bifasha. Imiyoboro hamwe nuyobora muri pompe nini za kirimbuzi zateye imbere muburusiya ahanini zikoresha grafite siliconize. Graphite ifite imikorere myiza ya kirimbuzi kandi ikoreshwa kenshi nka moderi na ecran muri reaction.
4.7 Ibikoresho bya Semiconductor
Mu nganda za semiconductor, ibicuruzwa bya grafite bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo hejuru - ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubushyuhe nkitanura ryikura rya kirisiti, itanura rya karubone hamwe nitanura rya grafite.
Hejuru - ibicuruzwa bya grafite byera bya gatatu - ibisekuruza bya semiconductor silicon karbide (SiC) birimo umusaraba wa grafite, ubushyuhe hamwe nifu yo gukura kwa kirisiti, ubuziranenge bwabwo bugena ubwiza bwa kristu ya SiC. Isuku nkiryo - grafite isuku isanzwe ikoresha uburyo bwa chimique -, busaba ubuziranenge Burenze cyangwa bungana na 99,9995%, hamwe nimbibi zikomeye kumwanda ku giti cye (urugero, B Ntibiri cyangwa bingana na 0.05 × 10⁻⁶, Al Ntibiri cyangwa bingana na 0.05 × 10⁻⁶).
4.8 Ibikoresho bya diyama ya sintetike
Kugeza ubu, diyama imwe - kristu ya kirisiti ikomatanyirizwa cyane na High - Umuvuduko mwinshi - Ubushyuhe (HPHT) hamwe nuburyo bwo kubika imyuka ya chimique (CVD). CVD ikoresha hydrogen - irimo imyuka (metani, hydrogène, nibindi), biganisha ku mwanda wa hydrogène no guhangayika muri kristu ya diyama. HPHT diyama hamwe na alloys gakondo nka catalizator irimo umwanda wibyuma, bigatuma synthesis ya "ultra - yera" diyama igoye kandi igoye.
Recent breakthroughs in static ultra-high pressure technology have enabled direct synthesis of diamond from graphite under extreme P-T conditions (>15 GPa, impamyabumenyi 2000). Mubihe nkibi, grafite ihinduka diyama byihuse, itanga santimetero - nini ya polycrystalline hamwe nubuziranenge bwinshi.
Umwanzuro
Uburyo nyamukuru bwa grafite bwakoreshejwe mubushinwa burimo - grafite yuzuye, isitatike ikanda grafite, yaguka grafite, fluorine grafite, colloidal grafite na graphene. Kunoza isuku ya grafite nikintu gisabwa mubicuruzwa byose bya grafite - shingiro ariko biragoye.
Mugihe icyifuzo cyo hejuru - cyera grafite murwego rwo hejuru - murwego rwikoranabuhanga rukomeje kwiyongera kandi ibisabwa byera bigenda birushaho gukomera, tekinoloji ijyanye nayo iri murwego rukomeye rutegereje iterambere.
