Hejuru - Ubuziranenge Igishushanyo: Ntakindi Gipakira. Nibyiza rwose!

Kuba ushakishwa - nyuma yo guhitamo muruganda rwo hejuru - rwanyuma, imbaraga za grafite yo hejuru - ntishobora kwemerwa. Hamwe nubwiza buhebuje - amavuta yo kwisiga, imbaraga nyinshi, imiyoboro myiza y’amashanyarazi, kurwanya aside na alkali, kurwanya ruswa, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, coefficient nto yo kwaguka, guhagarara neza kwa chimique, gukora kashe yo hejuru, hamwe n’imiterere imwe kandi yuzuye, yihagararaho cyane mu nganda nk’amashanyarazi, metallurgie, ingabo z’igihugu n’indege, ingufu, n’ubuhanga bw’imashini. Byongeye kandi, ifite umwanya wingenzi mubice bigenda bigaragara nka semiconductor ya gatatu - ibisekuruza, inganda za kirimbuzi, hamwe n’amafoto y’amashanyarazi, kandi bishobora gufatwa nk "igice cyingenzi" mu iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga.

Hejuru - grafite isuku irashobora gushyirwa mubice bisanzwe - grafite isukuye hamwe nubukorikori bwo hejuru - igishushanyo mbonera gishingiye ku bikoresho fatizo nuburyo bwo gutegura. Hejuru - isuku ya grafite ikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye bitewe nubushobozi buhebuje bwamashanyarazi hamwe nogukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, nko mubikoresho bivunika, anti-{5}} ingese, amashanyarazi ya karubone, generator, amavuta, nibikoresho birinda inganda za kirimbuzi. Ku rundi ruhande, ibihangano bihanitse - grafite isukuye ikoreshwa muri pre - anode yatetse, grafite idasanzwe, n’inganda za kirimbuzi bitewe na morphologie imwe hamwe nogukwirakwiza ingano.

Umusaruro mwinshi - ubuziranenge bwa grafite kuva muri grafite karemano akenshi bikubiyemo kubanza gukoresha uburyo bwa flotation kugirango ubanze usukure ubutare bwa grafite, hanyuma ukoreshe uburyo bwa alkali - acide cyangwa uburyo bwa hydrogène fluoride kugirango urusheho kweza flotation yibanze, hanyuma ubone uburyo bwo hejuru bwa - uburyo bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe cyangwa -. Nyamara, ibihimbano bihanitse - grafite isukuye iboneka mubisanzwe ubanza gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo hanyuma ukabishyira mubikoresho byabugenewe byateganijwe - byerekana itanura ryubushyuhe bwo gushushanya no kwezwa. Inzira nyamukuru nugukoresha ubushyuhe burenze urugero bwitanura kugirango ushushanye kokiya ya peteroli na kokiya ya asifalt, no kumenyekanisha imyuka ya halogene kugirango ikore umwanda, ibatera guhumeka no guhindagurika, bityo ubone grafite ya -.

Yaba umusaruro mwinshi - ubuziranenge bwa grafite karemano cyangwa hejuru - ibishushanyo mbonera bya artite, ibisabwa bikomeye birashyirwa kumiterere yibikoresho fatizo. Kugirango ugere kubisabwa hejuru ya - isuku ya grafite kuva grafite karemano, gusa uburyo bwo hejuru - uburyo bwubushyuhe bushobora guhaza umusaruro ukenewe. Nyamara, uburyo bwo hejuru - uburyo bwubushyuhe bukoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi bukenewe cyane kubikoresho, bityo bukaba bufite n'ibisabwa bimwe na bimwe kugirango ubuziranenge bwibikoresho bibisi. Mubisanzwe, ikoresha ibicuruzwa bya grafite bifite ubuziranenge bwa 99% byabonetse hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo bwo kweza kugirango bisukure, amaherezo bigera kubisabwa 99,99% hejuru - grafite. Kuri artificiel - isuku ya grafite, hejuru - nziza ya kokiya ya peteroli na kokiya ya asfalt ikunze guhitamo umusaruro. Ibivu birimo kokiya ya peteroli bigomba kuba munsi ya 0.5%, kandi mubisanzwe ni {{16} oke kokiya peteroli ya peteroli ikoreshwa mukubyara umusaruro. Kubwibyo, sulfure irimo peteroli ya kokiya iri munsi ya 0.5%.

Inganda zikoresha grafite yo hejuru - nkibikoresho fatizo byibanda cyane cyane murwego rwo hejuru - ibikoresho byikoranabuhanga nkibikoresho bya semiconductor, Photovoltaics, graphene, na grafite ya kirimbuzi.

Icya gatatu - ibikoresho bya semiconductor ibikoresho

  Mu nganda za semiconductor, ibicuruzwa bya grafite bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo hejuru ubushyuhe - ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubushyuhe nkitanura ryikura rya kirisiti, itanura rya karubone, nitanura rya grafite. Ibicuruzwa byinshi - byera bya grafite bikoreshwa mugice cya gatatu - ibisekuruza bya semiconductor silicon karbide harimo umusaraba wa grafite yo gukura kwa kirisiti, ubushyuhe bwa grafite, nifu ya grafite, nibindi.

Kugeza ubu, inganda nyinshi zikoresha uburyo bwo gutwara imyuka yumubiri iyo zitanga silicon karbide imwe rukumbi. Muri ubu buryo, ifu ya silikoni ya karbide ishyirwa hepfo ya grafite ikomeye, hanyuma kristu ya karibide ya kariside ya kirisiti ishyirwa hejuru ya grafite ikomeye. Hanyuma, igishushanyo mbonera cya grafite kirashyuha kugeza karubide ya silicon igeze ku bushyuhe bwayo. Ibikurikira, ifu ya karubide ya silicon igenda ibora buhoro buhoro mubintu bya gaze nka Si vapor, Si2C, na SiC2. Ibyo bintu bizagenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro hejuru yisonga munsi yubushyuhe bwa axial gradient kandi byegeranye hejuru yubutaka bwa SiC imbuto ya kirisiti hejuru yikibumbano, bityo ibone karubide ya silikoni imwe.

Igishushanyo mbonera cya kirimbuzi

   Nucleaire - urwego rwo hejuru - grafite isuku ni ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mubuhanga bwa kirimbuzi. Nucleaire - icyiciro cya grafite ibikoresho bikoreshwa murwego rwa

hejuru - gazi yubushyuhe - reaction zikonje, nka tebes, ibintu bya lisansi, nibikoresho byunganira.

Nucleaire - icyiciro cya grafite igomba kuba hejuru - igishushanyo mbonera. Hejuru - igishushanyo mbonera kigizwe ahanini na agregate, binders hamwe ningingo zitera. Igiteranyo kigizwe ahanini ninshinge - kokiya ya peteroli na kokiya ya asfalt. Nucleaire - urwego rwo hejuru - grafite isuku ifite ibyangombwa bisabwa kugirango igenzure ibintu. Mugihe cyumuyaga mwinshi, ikora igihe kirekire - hejuru yo hejuru - kubara ubushyuhe bwo kweza, gukuraho umwanda no kugabanya ibintu bigize ibintu nka halogene hamwe na - gushonga -. Ububiko bwa karubone ya kirimbuzi - urwego rwo hejuru - grafite isuku yerekana uburyo bwo gukanda isostatike. Ibikoresho bishyirwa mubibumbano byumubiri byoroshye, bifunze neza, hanyuma umwuka ukavaho kugirango ubungabunge ibidukikije. Ifumbire ishyirwa muri silindiri ya isostatike hydraulic, kandi amazi ya isotropique akora igitutu kimwe kuri ubwo buryo, akanduza umuvuduko mubintu bya karubone, bigatuma ibikoresho bibisi biba byinshi.

Umwanya wo gufotora

Mu nganda zifotora, cyane nkibikoresho bya electrode yizuba, grafite ifite porogaramu nyinshi. Ubwiza buhebuje hamwe n’imiti ihamye bituma iba ibikoresho byiza byo gukora electrode yingirabuzimafatizo. Byongeye kandi, gukurura - ubwoko bwa silicon imwe itanura rya kirisiti ni ibikoresho byingenzi byo gutegura silikoni imwe ibikoresho bya kristu. Sisitemu yo gushyushya itanura imwe ya kirisiti ikubiyemo cyane cyane - yubushyuhe bwa grafite ya grafite, umusaraba wa quartz, umusaraba wa grafite, hamwe nibikoresho byokwirinda, nibindi. Imbaraga zishyushya zirashobora guhindurwa binyuze mumashanyarazi cyangwa amashanyarazi yumuriro. Ubushyuhe bwarekuwe nubushyuhe bukingirwa na sisitemu yo kubika, ishobora gukora ibidukikije byumuriro bikwiranye no gukura kwa kirisiti imwe.

Graphene

Graphene kuri ubu ni nanomaterial yoroheje cyane kwisi, igaragaramo imiti ihanitse hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro, hamwe nibikoresho byiza bya mashini n'amashanyarazi. Ifite ibyifuzo byinshi. Ibikoresho nyamukuru byo gutegura graphene ni hejuru - grafite.

Abandi

    Mu kirere kiruhije cyane ikirere, hejuru - grafite isuku iracyakora neza bidasanzwe. Ikoreshwa muri nozzle umuhogo wumurongo wa moteri ya roketi, umuyobozi wa neutron moderi ya reaction ya atome, kubika ubushyuhe nubushyuhe - ibikoresho birwanya misile, ndetse no guhuza radio hamwe nibikoresho byubaka kuri satelite artificiel byose biranga grafite ya -.