Kwamamaza Ubumenyi - Igishushanyo

Nko mu myaka ya za 1930, ikirombe cya Li Mao gite i Jixi, mu Ntara ya Heilongjiang, hamwe n’ikirombe cya Shanshui cyamabuye yo mu ntara ya Shandong cyatangiye gukora no gutunganya grafite. Muri kiriya gihe, gahunda yo kugoboka yari yoroshye, imiterere yakazi ku bakozi yari mibi, kandi umusaruro wari muke cyane, buri mwaka umusaruro wa toni ibihumbi byinshi gusa. Nyuma yimyaka mirongo yiterambere, umusaruro wa grafite na karubone mubushinwa wazamutse vuba. Kuva 2004 kugeza 2011, umuvuduko wubwiyongere bwumwaka wa grafite nibicuruzwa bya karubone byari 22,12%. Muri 2011, umusaruro wa grafite na karubone mu Bushinwa wari toni miliyoni 2556.17, umwaka - ku mwaka - wiyongereyeho 21,98%.

Ibishushanyo mbonera na karubone bifite ibintu byiza kandi bigenda bikoreshwa cyane. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo kubyara ninyungu zubukungu byerekana iterambere ryihuse. Muri 2011, iterambere ry’inganda zo mu Bushinwa n’ibicuruzwa bya karubone byihuse. Ibigo biri mu nganda byari bifite ubushobozi buke bwo gucunga no kugenzura ibiciro kandi bifite inyungu zikomeye. Dukurikije imibare yaturutse mu kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare, mu mwaka wa 2011, agaciro k’inganda z’inganda z’inganda n’ibicuruzwa bya karubone byageze kuri miliyari 167.564; amafaranga yagurishijwe yari miliyari 167.765, yiyongereyeho 40.58%; inyungu yose hamwe yari miliyari 10,959, yiyongereyeho 50.87%. Hamwe nogukomeza kwagura porogaramu, amarushanwa mubushinwa bwa grafite na karubone yibicuruzwa nabyo byarushijeho gukomera.

Hariho umubare munini winganda zikora ibicuruzwa bya grafite na karubone mubipimo by’umusaruro mu Bushinwa, kandi urwego rwo kwibandaho ni ruto. Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2011, hari imishinga 871 ku rugero rw'umusaruro mu Bushinwa mu nganda za grafite na karubone. Amafaranga yinjiza yose mu bigo icumi bya mbere angana na 13.46% yinganda zose. Urebye uko iterambere ryifashe ndetse n’imiterere ihiganwa ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bya grafite n’ibicuruzwa bya karubone ku isi, mu gihe kiri imbere, inganda n’ibicuruzwa bya karubone mu Bushinwa bizagenda byinjira mu matsinda manini, kandi urwego rw’inganda ruzakomeza kwiyongera.

Hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda nka metallurgie, injeniyeri y’imiti, imashini, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, ingufu za kirimbuzi, imodoka, icyogajuru, n’ibindi mu Bushinwa, icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa bya grafite na karubone muri izo nganda bizakomeza kwiyongera, kandi inganda zo mu Bushinwa n’ibicuruzwa bya karubone bizakomeza umuvuduko wihuse. Kuva mu 2006 kugeza 2011, umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka winjiza ibicuruzwa mu nganda za grafite n’ibicuruzwa bya karubone byari 36.56%.

Bikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki "graphein", bisobanura "gukoreshwa mu kwandika". Yiswe umuhanga mu by'imiti n’umudage witwa AG Werner mu 1789.

Carbone nikintu gisanzwe kibaho muburyo butandukanye mubirere no mubutaka bwisi. Carbone muburyo bwibanze yamenyekanye kandi ikoreshwa nabantu kuva kera. Urukurikirane rwibintu bya karubone - ibintu kama - nibyo shingiro ryubuzima. Carbone ni kimwe mu bigize ibyuma by'ingurube, ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma. Carbone irashobora guhuza hamwe nayo ubwayo kugirango ibe umubare munini wibintu, ari molekile zingenzi mubinyabuzima nubucuruzi. Molekile nyinshi mubinyabuzima bifite karubone.

Ifishi yo kubaho

Carbone ibaho muburyo butandukanye, harimo karubone yibanze ya karubone nka diyama na grafite; karubone ya amorphous nk'amakara; ibinyabuzima bigoye nk'inyamaswa n'ibimera; na karubone nka marble. Imiterere yumubiri na chimique ya karubone yibanze biterwa nimiterere yayo. Diamond, irakomeye cyane, na grafite, yoroshye kandi iranyerera, ifite imiterere itandukanye ya kirisiti bityo igaragara itandukanye, ubucucike, ingingo zo gushonga, nibindi.

Ibiranga umutungo

Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, imiterere yimiti ya karubone yibanze irahagaze neza kandi ntishobora gushonga mumazi, acide acide, ibishingwe, cyangwa ibishishwa kama. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ifata ogisijeni gutwika, ikabyara karuboni cyangwa karubone. Hydrogen yonyine irashobora kubyitwaramo neza na karubone yibanze muri halogene. Mugihe cyo gushyushya, karubone yibanze iroroshye kuba oxyde na acide; ku bushyuhe bwinshi, karubone irashobora kandi gufata ibyuma byinshi kugirango ikore karbide. Carbone iragabanuka kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mu gushonga ibyuma mubushyuhe bwinshi. Byongeye kandi, grafite irashobora gushonga na aside ya chlorosulfonike, igakora aside ya chlorosulfonike "igisubizo" cya graphene imwe -.
Graphite ni imyunyu ngugu ya kirisiti yibintu bya karubone. Imiterere ya kristalline ni impande esheshatu. Intera iri hagati ya buri cyiciro ni 340 pm, kandi intera iri hagati ya atome ya karubone murwego rumwe ni 142 pm . . Ni iy'ibikoresho bya kirisiti ya mpandeshatu kandi ifite clavage yuzuye. Indege ya clavage igizwe ahanini na molekile ihuza kandi ifite imbaraga nke zikurura molekile, bityo kureremba kwayo nibyiza cyane.

Bitewe nuburyo bwihariye, grafite ifite ibintu byihariye bikurikira:

1) Kurwanya ubushyuhe: Ingingo yo gushonga ya grafite ni dogere 3850 ± 50, naho aho itetse ni dogere 4250. Ndetse na nyuma yo gutwikwa na ultra - ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwamashanyarazi arc, gutakaza ibiro ni bito cyane, kandi coefficente yo kwagura ubushyuhe nayo iri hasi cyane. Imbaraga za grafite ziyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe. Kuri dogere 2000, imbaraga za grafite zikubye kabiri.

2) Amashanyarazi nubushyuhe: Amashanyarazi ya grafite arenga inshuro 100 ugereranije nubutare busanzwe -. Ubushyuhe bwacyo burenze ubw'ibyuma nk'ibyuma, ibyuma, na gurş. Ubushyuhe bwumuriro buragabanuka uko ubushyuhe buzamuka, ndetse no mubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, grafite iba insulator. Graphite irashobora gukoresha amashanyarazi kubera ko buri atome ya karubone iri muri grafite ikora imigozi 3 gusa ya covalent hamwe nandi atome ya karubone, kandi buri atome ya karubone iracyafite electron imwe yubuntu kugirango yohereze amashanyarazi.

3) Amavuta: Amavuta yo kwisiga ya grafite biterwa nubunini bwa flake ya grafite. Ninini nini ya flake, hasi ya coefficient de fraisse nuburyo bwiza bwo gusiga.

4.

5) Plastike: Graphite ifite ubukana bwiza kandi irashobora kuba hasi mumpapuro zoroshye.
6) Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro: Iyo bikoreshejwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba, grafite irashobora kwihanganira ihinduka rikabije ryubushyuhe butarangiritse. Mugihe ihindagurika ryubushyuhe, ingano yubunini bwa grafite ni ntoya kandi ntagishobora kubaho.

Gushonga ingingo ya grafite
Ingingo yo gushonga ya diyama ni 3823K, naho iya grafite ni 3925K. Gushonga ingingo ya grafite irarenze iya diyama.
Kugereranya ingingo zo gushonga za grafite na diyama ntibishobora gutekerezwa gusa mubice byingufu zingirakamaro. Niba umubare wavunitse mugihe cyo gushonga wirengagijwe, amakuru yabonetse ntabwo azaba yizewe.

Imiterere ya Allotropic
Graphite, diyama, karubone 60, carbone nanotubes, graphene, nibindi byose nibintu bigize ibintu bya karubone. Bose ni isomers yibintu bimwe.

Inkomoko no Gukwirakwiza
Imiterere n'ibibaho: Graphite ikorwa munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubwoko bukwirakwizwa cyane ni metamorphic depozitike ya grafite, ikorwa na metamorphism yo mukarere ka butare bwimitsi ikungahaye kubintu kama cyangwa ibikoresho bya karubone.
Ibice bizwi cyane byo kubyaza umusaruro: Ticonderoga, New York, Madagasikari na Ceylon.

Imiterere ya tekinoroji ya grafite ahanini ishingiye kumiterere yayo. Amabuye y'agaciro ya Graphite afite uburyo butandukanye bwa kristaline afite indangagaciro zinganda zitandukanye. Mu nganda, zishingiye ku buryo butandukanye bwa kristalline, grafite ishyirwa mu byiciro bitatu.

Igishushanyo cya Delanium

Muri rusange, ibikoresho byose bya grafite byabonetse binyuze muri karubone ikurikirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bushobora kwitwa grafite ya artite, nka fibre fibre karubone, karubone pyrolytique, na grafite ifuro ifata ifuro, n'ibindi. kubumba, karubone, no gushushanya. Ingero zirimo grafite electrode na isostatike ikanda grafite.

Igishushanyo mbonera gishobora gushyirwa muburyo bune bwuburyo bwo kubumba: guhindagurika kunyeganyega, gushushanya ibicuruzwa, gushushanya, hamwe no gukanda.

Crystalline Flake Graphite

Ibishushanyo mbonera bya grafite biri muburyo bwa flake; zakozwe binyuze muri metamorphism munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi, kandi hariho flake nini na flake nto. Ibiranga ubu bwoko bwamabuye ya grafite ni uko urwego rwayo rutari hejuru, muri rusange ruri hagati ya 2% na 3%, cyangwa hagati ya 10% na 25%. Nimwe mumabuye meza areremba muri kamere, kandi binyuze mumasya menshi no guhitamo, hejuru - urwego rwa grafite yibanze irashobora kuboneka. Kureremba, amavuta, hamwe na plastike yubwoko bwa grafite biruta ubundi bwoko bwa grafite; kubwibyo, agaciro kayo munganda nicyo kinini.
Graphite

Cryptocrystalline graphite izwi kandi nka microcrystalline graphite cyangwa igishushanyo mbonera. Diameter ya kirisiti yubwoko bwa grafite mubusanzwe iri munsi ya micrometero 1, kandi ubuso bwihariye buri hagati ya 1 na 5 m2 / g. Ni ikusanyirizo rya microcrystalline grafite kandi irashobora kugaragara gusa muburyo bwa kristu munsi ya microscope ya electron. Ibiranga ubu bwoko bwa grafite ni uko ubuso bwabwo ari butaka, bukabura urumuri, kandi bukagira amavuta make ugereranije na flake grafite. Urwego ruri hejuru. Muri rusange ni 60-85%. Bake barashobora kugera kuri 90%. Ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinganda.

Graphite ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda kandi ikoreshwa hafi ya buri murenge. Ubwoko bukoreshwa cyane munganda ni grafite artificiel, izwi kandi nka grafite idasanzwe. Ukurikije uburyo yashizweho, irashobora gushyirwa mubwoko bukurikira.

1. Igishushanyo cya Isostatike. Nibyo abantu benshi bita "bitatu - grafite yo hejuru", ariko ntabwo byanze bikunze igitutu cya isostatike kubera ko ari "bitatu - hejuru".
2. Igishushanyo mbonera
3. Igishushanyo mbonera cya grafite, ahanini gikoreshwa nkibikoresho bya electrode.
Muri byo, ukurikije ingano yubunini bwa grafite, irashobora kandi kugabanywamo: imiterere irambuye igishushanyo mbonera, giciriritse - giteye (hamwe nuburinganire rusange bungana na 0.8mm), na electrode ya electrode (2-4mm).

Muri kristu ya grafite, atome ya karubone murwego rumwe ikora covalent bonds binyuze muri sp2 ivanga. Buri atome ya karubone ihujwe nandi atome atatu binyuze mumigozi itatu ya covalent. Atome esheshatu za karubone zikora impeta isanzwe ya mpandeshatu ku ndege imwe, igera mu nzego. Uburebure bwuburebure bwa C - C ingwate zose ni 142 pm, zuzuye neza muburebure bwuburebure bwa kirimbuzi ya atome. Kubwibyo, kumurongo umwe, ni atome ya kirisiti. Ku ndege imwe, buri karubone atom iracyafite p p orbital imwe, kandi iruzuzanya. Electron irasa nubuntu, ihwanye na electron yubusa mubyuma, grafite rero irashobora gutwara ubushyuhe n amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba biranga kristu ya metero. Kubwibyo, nayo iri mubyiciro bya kristu.

Ibice biri muri grafite ya kirisiti yatandukanijwe na 340 pm, ni intera nini ugereranije. Zifatwa hamwe nimbaraga za van der Waals, bivuze ko ari kristu ya molekile. Nyamara, kubera isano ikomeye hagati ya atome ya karubone kumurongo umwe windege, biragoye cyane kuyimena, bityo gushonga kwa grafite nayo ni ndende cyane kandi imiterere yimiti irahagaze.
Urebye uburyo bwihariye bwo guhuza, ntibishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nka kirisiti ya atome cyangwa kirisiti ya molekile. Mumagambo agezweho, afatwa nka kristu ivanze.

Ibiranga Crystal

Sisitemu ya Crystal hamwe nitsinda ryumwanya: Sisitemu ya sisitemu ya hexagonal, P63 / mc
Ibipimo by'utugari: a 0=0.246 nm, c 0=0.670 nm
Imiterere isanzwe, atome ya karubone itondekanye mubice, buri karubone ihujwe na karubone yegeranye ku ntera ingana, karubone muri buri cyiciro itondekanye mu mpeta ya mpande esheshatu, impeta ya mpandeshatu ya karubone mu byerekezo byegeranye yimurwa mu cyerekezo cy’indege mbere yo gushyirwaho kugira ngo ikore imiterere. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa polymorphs buterwa nicyerekezo gitandukanye nintera yimuka. Intera iri hagati ya atome ya karubone murwego rwo hejuru no hepfo ni nini cyane kuruta iyo hagati ya karubone murwego rumwe (intera ya C - C iri murwego=0.142 nm, intera ya C - C hagati yurwego=0.340 nm)
Imiterere: Kirisiti imwe isanzwe iri murupapuro - nka cyangwa isahani - nkuburyo, ariko byuzuye ntibikunze kugaragara. Ubusanzwe igiteranyo kiri mubipimo - nka, guhagarika - nkubutaka - nkuburyo.
Ibara: Umukara w'icyuma

Inzira: Umukara mwiza
Gukorera mu mucyo: Ntabwo - mucyo
Umucyo: Semi - icyuma cyiza
Gukomera: 1-2
Diaphaneity no kuvunika: Kuringaniza ibice biruzuye cyane
Uburemere bwihariye: 2.21 - 2.26 g / cm³
Ubuso bwihariye: 5 - 10 m² / g
Ibindi bintu: Urupapuro ruto rworoshye, rufite kunyerera, rukunda kwanduza amaboko, kandi rufite amashanyarazi meza
Ibiranga ibiranga: Ibara ry'umukara w'icyuma, ubukana buke, itsinda ryibice byuzuye byuzuye, kunyerera kandi bikanduza amaboko; niba uduce twa zinc twavanze n'umuti wa sulfate y'umuringa ushyizwe kuri grafite, ibibara byumuringa birashobora kugwa, ariko nta reaction nkiyi ibaho kuri grafite - nka molybdenite.

Iyo abantu batekereje kuri diyama, bahita babahuza nibintu bitangaje kandi byiza, bimurika cyane uko bigenda. Ariko, kubera igiciro cyinshi, abantu benshi babuzwa kubibona. Diyama karemano yitwa "diyama" nyuma yo gukonjeshwa na diyama. Diyama karemano ni gake cyane. Kwisi, hariho diyama ebyiri gusa zipima karat zirenga 1000 (garama 1=5 karat), kandi hariho diyama nkeya ipima karat 400. Diyama nini yavumbuwe mu Bushinwa kugeza ubu ipima karat 158.786 kandi yitwa "Changlin Diamond". Nkuko baca umugani ngo, "gake gira ikintu gifite agaciro". Kuberako diyama karemano ishobora gukoreshwa nka "diyama" ni gake cyane, abantu bashaka kuyisimbuza diyama "artificiel". Ibi mubisanzwe biganisha ku gitekerezo cya "impanga" ya diyama - grafite.

Ibigize imiti ya diyama na grafite ni karubone (C), kandi byitwa "allotropic form" yibintu bimwe. Duhereye kuri iri jambo, birashobora kumvikana ko bafite "kamere" imwe, ariko "imiterere" cyangwa "imitungo" yabo iratandukanye kandi iratandukanye. Diamond kuri ubu nikintu gikomeye, mugihe grafite nikimwe mubintu byoroshye.

Itandukaniro rikomeye hagati ya grafite na diyama ni ingirakamaro cyane, nyamara abantu baracyizera kubona diyama binyuze muburyo bwa synthèse artificiel kuko grafite (karubone) iboneka cyane muri kamere. Ariko, guhindura karubone muri grafite muburyo bwa karubone itunganya diyama ntabwo ari ibintu byoroshye. Munsi yikirere 5-60.000 cyumuvuduko ((5-6) × 10³ MPa) nubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 1000 na 2000, hamwe nogukoresha ibyuma byuma nka fer, cobalt, na nikel, grafite irashobora guhinduka ifu ya diyama.

Ibihugu birenga icumi kwisi byahinduye neza diyama. Nyamara, ubu bwoko bwa diyama bufite uduce twiza cyane kandi uburyo bukoreshwa ni nkibikoresho byo gusya, bikoreshwa mu gutema no mu gucukura amariba ya geologiya na peteroli. Kugeza ubu, ku isi ikoreshwa na diyama, 80% bya diyama y’ubukorikori ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu nganda, kandi umusaruro wayo urenze kure umusaruro wa diyama karemano.

Ubusanzwe ibice bya diyama byakoreshwaga byari umukara, 0,5mm z'ubunini, kandi bipima hafi karat 0.1 (ingano ntoya ya diyama nziza - diyama nziza ntabwo iri munsi ya karat 0.1). Ibihugu nka Amerika n'Ubuyapani bimaze gukora uduce twa diyama ipima karat 6.1. Turashobora kuvuga ko diyama "yagurutse" muri grafite. Amabuye y'agaciro - meza ya diyama yubukorikori nayo azaboneka ku isoko mugihe cya vuba.

Isuku rya Graphite: Hariho uburyo bubiri: kweza imiti no kweza umubiri.

1.Gutunganya imiti bifashisha imiterere ya grafite irwanya aside, alkalis na ruswa. Harimo kuvura intungamubiri za grafite hamwe na acide na alkalis kugirango zishongeshe umwanda, hanyuma zogejwe kugirango zongere urwego rwibintu. Isuku yimiti irashobora gutanga umusaruro - ya karubone ifite amanota 99%. Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo kweza imiti, muribwo bukoreshwa cyane nuburyo bwo hejuru - uburyo bwo guhuza ubushyuhe hamwe na hydroxide ya sodium.

Ihame shingiro ni uko mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - hejuru yubushyuhe bwa dogere 500, umwanda uri muri grafite (cyane cyane minerval silicike) wifata hamwe na soda ya caustic, ni ukuvuga NaOH, kugirango ikore amazi - ibicuruzwa bitangirika. Mugukoresha ibicuruzwa biva mumazi, amazi amwe arashobora kuvaho. Kubindi byanduye, nka okiside ya fer, nyuma yo guhuza alkali, babangamiwe na HCl kugirango babone amazi - solor ferric chloride, ishobora gukurwaho no gukaraba amazi.

Mubikorwa byavuzwe haruguru, ubunini bwa NaOH bugera kuri 50%, kandi buvanze na grafite muburyo bwa 1: 0.8. Nukuvuga, kuri buri toni 1 yuburebure - karubone yakozwe, hafi toni 0.4 za NaOH zirakoreshwa. Amafaranga yiyongereye ya HCl agera kuri 30% ya grafite. Amavuta akoreshwa ni amakara, hafi toni 0,6 kugeza 0.7. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa muburyo bwa alkali fusion burimo ahanini ankor - zo mu bwoko bwa ankor, itanura ryo gushonga, abashoferi ba spiral paddle, ibigega byo gukaraba V -, nibindi. Igipimo cyo gukira ni 85-90%, naho ishoramari ni 15-200,000. Nubwo ubu buryo bugenda butera imbere, bufite kandi ibitagenda neza nko gukoresha amazi menshi, gutakaza grafite birenze urugero, umusaruro muke, kunywa alkali nyinshi, hamwe n’amazi y’imyanda yanduye yangiza ibidukikije.

2.Kweza kumubiri, bizwi kandi ko hejuru - kweza ubushyuhe, ikoresha ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwa grafite. Ishira grafite mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi, ikayitandukanya n'umwuka, ikanashyuha kugeza kuri dogere 2500 kugira ngo umwanda (ni ukuvuga ibisigara) ushire, bityo byongere urwego rw'amabuye yatunganijwe. Binyuze hejuru - kweza ubushyuhe, hejuru - grafite isuku ifite amanota 99.9% irashobora kuboneka . 6
Imikoreshereze gakondo

1). Nibikoresho byangiritse: Graphite nibicuruzwa byayo bifite imiterere yo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi nimbaraga nyinshi. Mu nganda za metallurgjiya, zikoreshwa cyane mugukora grafitike ya grafite. Mu gukora ibyuma, grafite ikoreshwa nkibikoresho birinda ibyuma byinjira kandi nkimbere yimbere yitanura.

2). Nkibikoresho byayobora: Ikoreshwa munganda zamashanyarazi mugukora electrode, guswera, inkoni ya karubone, imiyoboro ya karubone, inkingi nziza yo gukosora mercure, gasketi ya grafite, ibice bya terefone, hamwe no gutwikira amashusho ya tereviziyo, nibindi.

3) Nkuko kwambara - ibikoresho byo gusiga amavuta: Graphite ikunze gukoreshwa nk'amavuta mu nganda. Amavuta yo gusiga akenshi ntabwo akwiriye gukoreshwa munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi -, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru -, mugihe ibikoresho bya grafite byambara - bishobora kwihanganira gukora bitarimo amavuta yubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 200 na 2000 kandi ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane. Ibikoresho byinshi byo gutwara ibitangazamakuru byangirika bifashisha cyane ibikoresho bya grafite mugukora ibikombe bya piston, impeta zifunga impeta. Iyo zikora, ntamavuta yo gusiga agomba kongerwamo. Graphite emulsion nayo ni amavuta meza yo gutunganya ibyuma byinshi (gushushanya insinga, gukurura imiyoboro).

4) Igishushanyo cyerekana imiti ihamye. Igishushanyo cyakozwe muburyo budasanzwe gifite ibintu biranga nko kurwanya ruswa, gutwara neza ubushyuhe, hamwe nubushobozi buke. Irakoreshwa cyane mugukora ibyuma bihindura ubushyuhe, ibigega byerekana, kondenseri, iminara yaka, iminara yo kwinjiza, gukonjesha, gushyushya, gushungura, nibikoresho bya pompe. Irakoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bitandukanye byinganda zirimo peteroli, hydrometallurgie, aside na alkali, fibre synthique, papermaking, nibindi, bityo bikabika umubare munini wibikoresho byibyuma. Ubwoko bwa grafite itari - itandukanye muburyo bwo kurwanya ruswa bitewe nubutaka butandukanye burimo. Kurugero, abatewe hamwe na resinike ya fenolike barwanya aside ariko ntibirwanya alkali; ibyo byatewe na furfuryl alcool resin irwanya aside na alkali. Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwubwoko butandukanye nabwo buratandukanye: karubone na grafite birashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 2000 kugeza 3000 mukugabanya ikirere, hanyuma bigatangira okiside kuri dogere selisiyusi 350 na dogere selisiyusi 400 mukirere cya okiside; ubushyuhe bwubwoko butari - butandukanye bwubwoko bwa grafite nabwo buterwa ningingo itera, kandi muri rusange, abatewe na alcool ya fenolike cyangwa furfuryl bafite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 180.

5). Nka casting, guta umucanga, gukanda no hejuru - ubushyuhe bwibikoresho bya metallurgiki: Bitewe nubushobozi buke bwo kwagura ubushyuhe bwa grafite hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kwihanganira ubukonje bwihuse nubushyuhe, birashobora gukoreshwa nkibumba ryibikoresho byibirahure. Nyuma yo gukoresha grafite, ibyuma byirabura birashobora kubyara ibice bifite ibipimo bifatika, hejuru yubuso, umusaruro mwinshi, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye cyangwa hamwe no gutunganya bike, bityo bikabika ibyuma byinshi. Mugukora ifu ya metallurgie yifu nka alloys, ibikoresho bya grafite mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mugukora ibishushanyo nubwato bwa farashi yo gucumura. Monocrystalline silicon ya kirisiti yo gukura ikura, ibikoresho byo gutunganya zone, ibikoresho byunganira, ubushyuhe bwa induction, nibindi byose bikozwe muri grafite yo hejuru -. Byongeye kandi, grafite irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibishushanyo mbonera bya grafite hamwe nishingiro ryo gushonga vacuum, hejuru - ubushyuhe bwo kurwanya itanura, itoni, amasahani, gride nibindi bikoresho mubushyuhe bwinshi.

6) Kubikorwa byingufu za atome ninganda zokwirwanaho: Graphite ifite imitekerereze myiza ya neutron kandi ikoreshwa nka moderi ya neutron mumashanyarazi. Uranium - reaction ya grafite ni bumwe mu bwoko bukunze gukoreshwa bwa reaction ya atome. Ibikoresho bya moderi kumashanyarazi ya atome bigomba kugira aho bishonga cyane, bihamye, hamwe no kurwanya ruswa. Igishushanyo kirashobora kuzuza byuzuye ibyo bisabwa. Ubuziranenge bwa grafite ikoreshwa muri reaction ya atome ni ndende cyane, hamwe nibirimo umwanda bitarenze PPM icumi. By'umwihariko, ibirimo boron bigomba kuba munsi ya 0.5 PPM. Mu nganda zokwirwanaho, grafite nayo ikoreshwa mugukora amajwi ya roketi zikomeye -, izuru rya misile, ibice byibikoresho byogenda mu kirere, ibikoresho byo kubika ubushyuhe, nibikoresho byo gukingira imirasire.

7) Graphite irashobora kandi gukumira igipimo cyo guteka. Ibizamini byakozwe n’ibice bireba byagaragaje ko kongera amazi ya grafite (hafi garama 4-5 kuri toni y’amazi) mu mazi bishobora kwirinda kwipimisha hejuru y’amazi. Byongeye kandi, grafite irashobora gukoreshwa kuri chimney yicyuma, ibisenge, ibiraro, hamwe numuyoboro kugirango wirinde kwangirika.
8) Graphite irashobora gukoreshwa nkikaramu yikaramu, pigment, hamwe na polishinge. Nyuma yo gutunganywa bidasanzwe, grafite irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bitandukanye bitandukanye mubikorwa bitandukanye byinganda.

Mu myaka ya za 1960, umuringa wakoreshwaga cyane nkibikoresho bya electrode, hamwe nogukoresha hafi 90%, mugihe grafite yari hafi 10%. Mu kinyejana cya 21, abakoresha benshi kandi benshi batangiye guhitamo grafite nkibikoresho bya electrode. Mu Burayi, hejuru ya 90% y'ibikoresho bya electrode ni grafite. Ibi bintu byiganjemo ibikoresho bya electrode, umuringa, byatakaje ibyiza byose ugereranije na electrode ya grafite. Niki cyateye iri hinduka rikomeye? Birumvikana ko byari byiza byinshi bya grafite electrode.

1. Umuvuduko wo gutunganya byihuse: Muri rusange, umuvuduko wo gutunganya imashini ya grafite wikubye inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 5 kurenza iy'umuringa; mugihe umuvuduko wo gutunganya amashanyarazi asohora amashanyarazi inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3 kurenza umuringa. Ibikoresho ntibishobora guhinduka: Ibyiza biragaragara cyane mugutunganya electrode yoroheje; ingingo yoroshye yumuringa igera kuri dogere 1000, kandi ikunda guhinduka kubera ubushyuhe; ubushyuhe bwa sublimation ya grafite ni dogere 3650; na coefficente yo kwagura ubushyuhe ni 1/30 gusa cyumuringa.

2. Uburemere bworoshye: Ubucucike bwa grafite ni 1/5 gusa cyumuringa. Iyo electrode nini ikozwe neza, irashobora kugabanya neza umutwaro kubikoresho byimashini (EDM); birakwiriye cyane kubisabwa kumurongo munini.

3. Gukoresha ingufu nke; Kubera ko amavuta ya spark nayo arimo atome ya karubone, mugihe cyo gutunganya ibintu, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru butera atome ya karubone mumavuta ya spark kubora, hanyuma bagakora firime ikingira hejuru ya electrode ya grafite, bikishyura igihombo cya electrode ya grafite.

4. Nta burrs; Nyuma ya electrode y'umuringa imaze gutunganywa, iracyakeneye gutunganywa intoki kugirango ikureho burr. Nyamara, electrode ya grafite ntabwo ifite burrs, izigama igiciro kinini kandi byoroha kugera kumusaruro wikora.

5. Graphite iroroshye kuba hasi kandi ikoze neza; kuberako gukata grafite ari 1/5 gusa cyumuringa, birakwiriye gusya intoki no gusya.

6. Igiciro cyibikoresho kiri hasi kandi igiciro kirahagaze neza. Kubera izamuka ryibiciro byumuringa mumyaka yashize, igiciro cya isotropic grafite ubu kiri munsi yicy'umuringa. Mubunini bumwe, igiciro cyibicuruzwa byose bya grafite ya Dongyang Carbonite biri munsi ya 30% kugeza kuri 60% ugereranije nu muringa, kandi igiciro kirahagaze neza hamwe nigihe gito - ihindagurika ryibiciro.

Nibyo rwose iyi nyungu ntagereranywa yatumye grafite igenda isimbuza umuringa buhoro buhoro nkibikoresho byatoranijwe kuri electrode ya EDM.

Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya siyanse nikoranabuhanga, abantu bavumbuye ibintu byinshi bishya bya grafite.

Ibicuruzwa byoroshye bya grafite.

Imiterere ihindagurika, izwi kandi kwagurwa grafite, ni ubwoko bushya bwibicuruzwa byakozwe mu myaka yashize. In 1971, the United States successfully developed flexible graphite sealing materials, which solved the leakage problem of atomic energy valves. Nyuma, Ubudage, Ubuyapani, n'Ubufaransa nabyo byatangiye gukora ubushakashatsi no kubibyaza umusaruro. Iki gicuruzwa ntigifite gusa ibiranga grafite karemano ahubwo gifite imiterere yihariye kandi yoroheje. Kubwibyo, ni ibikoresho byiza byo gufunga. Ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinganda nka peteroli na ingufu za atome. Isoko mpuzamahanga rikeneye isoko ryagiye ryiyongera uko umwaka utashye.

Gukoresha inganda zoroheje

Mubyongeyeho, grafite nayo ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gusya hamwe na anti - ingese mu nganda zoroheje kugirango zikore ibirahure nimpapuro. Nibikoresho byingirakamaro mu gukora amakaramu, wino, irangi ryirabura, wino, na diyama yubukorikori na diyama. Nimbaraga nziza cyane - kuzigama no kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi yakoreshejwe nka bateri yimodoka. Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nubuhanga bugezweho ninganda, imirima ikoreshwa ya grafite ihora yaguka kandi yahindutse ibikoresho byingenzi kubikoresho bishya bikomatanyirijwe hamwe murwego rwo hejuru -, bigira uruhare runini mubukungu bwigihugu.