Impapuro za Graphite, karubone nshyashya - ibikoresho bishingiye, bikozwe muri grafite karemano cyangwa yerekanwe cyane na pyrolytike grafite (HOPG) binyuze muburyo bwihariye bwo kuzimya no gukanda. Ihuza amashanyarazi meza cyane, amashanyarazi yubushyuhe, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimiti ya grafite nubucyo, ubunini, hamwe nimpapuro. Kurema kwayo ntabwo ari intambwe igaragara gusa mubumenyi bwa siyansi, ahubwo inagaragaza imbaraga zokoreshwa muburyo butandukanye nk'ingufu, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n'ibidukikije, bigatera udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no kurushaho gusobanukirwa ubumenyi.
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Ubusobanuro bwa siyansi yimpapuro za grafite bugaragarira cyane cyane mubikorwa byayo bidasanzwe hagati ya microstructure hamwe na macroscopique. Ibikoresho gakondo bya grafite biri mubwinshi cyangwa ifu, bigatuma bigorana gukoreshwa mubisabwa bisaba uburemere bworoshye kandi bworoshye. Nyamara, mugucunga interlayer igizwe na microsheets ya grafite (mubisanzwe igumana imiterere yatondekanye ya sp² ivanze na karubone ya karubone), impapuro za grafite zigera kumusaraba - kubaka igipimo kuva kuri nanosheets ebyiri - kugeza kuri macroscopique. Ubunini bwacyo busanzwe ni 0,05 - 1mm, n'ubucucike bwayo bugera kuri 2.1 - 2.3g / cm³ (hafi yubucucike bwa tewolojiya ya grafite). Nyamara, ifite in - indege yubushyuhe bwa 1000-3000 W / (m · K) (ugereranije na graphene imwe), amashanyarazi ya 10⁵-10⁶ S / m (hafi 80% yumuringa), hamwe nubusembwa bwiza bwa chimique (aside irwanya alkali, hamwe no kurwanya okiside). Uku guhuriza hamwe kworoheje, kworohereza cyane, hamwe no gutuza biratsinda imikorere yimikorere yibicuruzwa gakondo, bitanga umusingi wingenzi wibibazo byo gukemura ibibazo byo gucunga amashyanyarazi mugukwirakwiza ingufu no gukenera amashanyarazi yoroheje mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
2. Guhanga udushya mu rwego rwingufu: Kunoza imicungire yubushyuhe nubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu
Kuruhande rwiterambere ryihuse muburyo bwikoranabuhanga ryingufu, agaciro kingenzi k'impapuro za grafite zigaragarira cyane cyane mu micungire yubushyuhe. Hamwe nogukwirakwizwa kwinshi - ibikoresho byubucucike bwamashanyarazi (nka chip ya sitasiyo ya 5G hamwe na bateri nshya yingufu za moteri), kwangirika kwimikorere ndetse nibibazo byumutekano byatewe nubushyuhe bwaho byahindutse icyuho gikomeye. Impapuro za Graphite, hamwe na ultra - hejuru muri - indege yubushyuhe bwumuriro, ikora neza ubushyuhe muburyo bugenewe (urugero, ubushyuhe bwumuriro mubyerekezo perpendicular kuri interlayer ni nka 10 W / (m · K), mugihe ishobora kugera kubihumbi byinshi mubyerekezo byindege -). Ibi bituma ikoreshwa cyane muri bateri yubushyuhe bwo gukwirakwiza (nka firime ya grafite yo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe muri bateri ya Tesla ya 4680) kandi nkubushyuhe bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwa chip ya LED. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekana ko kongeramo igishushanyo mbonera cya grafite kuri moderi ya batiri ya lithium bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe ntarengwa mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora kuri dogere 15-20 kandi bikongerera igihe cyizuba hejuru ya 30%.
Impapuro za Graphite nazo zigira uruhare runini mubikoresho byo kubika ingufu. Nkibikoresho byoroshye bya electrode ya supercapacitor, ubwinshi bwayo bugabanya kurwanya intera (hejuru ya 50% munsi ya electrode gakondo ikora). Imiterere yacyo itanga inzira yihuta - inzira yo gukwirakwiza inzira ya ion (nka Li⁺ na Na⁺), ifasha igikoresho kugumana hejuru ya 90% yubushobozi bwacyo bwa mbere niyo bwunamye. Ikigaragara cyane, impapuro za grafite zirashobora kuba substrate ishigikira ibintu bikomeye - leta ya electrolyte. Imikorere yubuso (nko kwinjiza amatsinda ya acide sulfonique) irashobora kongera uburyo bumwe bwa lithium ion muri bateri yicyuma cya lithium, bikabuza gukura kwa dendrite, bityo bikarinda umutekano wa bateri.
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Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryibikoresho bya elegitoronike byoroshye (nkibikoresho byifashishwa byifashishwa hamwe na ecran ya ecran ishobora gukoreshwa), ibikoresho gakondo bitwara ibintu (nka firime yicyuma na indium tin oxyde (ITO)) ntibishobora kuzuza ibyo bisabwa kubera ubugome bwabo no kudahinduka. Impapuro zishushanyije zibiri zo guhinduka no gutwara ibintu bituma iba iyindi nzira nziza: irashobora kwihanganira hejuru ya 10⁵ yunamye (hamwe na radiyo igoramye iri munsi ya 1mm) idatakaje ubushobozi, kandi irashobora gushirwaho muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose binyuze mumashini yoroshye (nko gukata no gukubita). Kurugero, mumashanyarazi yoroheje, impapuro za grafite zahujwe na polymers ya elastike, ikoresha uburyo bwiyumvamo impinduka zokwirinda amashanyarazi hamwe ningutu (hamwe na coeffisente de sensibilité (GF) ya 5-10), bigatuma - ikurikiranwa neza ryimiterere yiminota (nka pulse yumuntu no kugenda hamwe). Mubyerekeranye nuruhu rwa elegitoronike, impapuro za grafite - zishingiye kuri sensor zirashobora gukora neza hejuru yubushyuhe buringaniye bwa dogere -20 kugeza kuri dogere 150, bigatanga ubufasha bwibanze bwa tekinike kubitekerezo byubaka muri robot ya biomimetike.
4. Agaciro gashoboka mubidukikije kandi siyanse irambye
Ubusobanuro bwa siyansi yimpapuro za grafite nabwo bugamije kurengera ibidukikije. Ibikoresho byayo bibisi, grafite, ni ibintu byinshi bya karubone biboneka mu butaka bwisi (ububiko bwa grafite karemano burenga toni miliyoni 300). Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro butanga uburyo bwo gutunganya imyanda ya electrode yimyanda (nkibiva mu gukora ibyuma), kugera ku kongera gukoresha umutungo, bijyanye n’amahame ya chimie yicyatsi. Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo mbonera cya grafite (poritike yacyo irashobora guhindurwa hifashishijwe okiside igenzurwa - uburyo bwo kugabanya) ituma ishobora kwerekana imikorere myiza ya adsorption kumyanda ihumanya nka ioni yicyuma kiremereye hamwe n amarangi kama. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko amino - impapuro za grafite zikora zishobora kugera ku bushobozi bwa adsorption bwa 280 mg / g kuri Pb²⁺, bikarenga cyane ibya karubone ikora (hafi 100 mg / g). Mu gihe kirekire, nka karubone ihagarariye - ishingiye ku mikorere, impapuro za grafite zitanga urubuga rushya rwa tekinoroji ya "karubone - kugeza kuri - carbone" (nka karuboni ya dioxyde de adsorption no guhinduka) igamije kugera ku kutabogama kwa karubone.
Ubusobanuro bwa siyansi yimpapuro za grafite ntabwo bushingiye kumikorere yabwo gusa ahubwo no mubikorwa byayo nk "" ikiraro, "gihuza ubushakashatsi bwibanze nubushakashatsi bwubuhanga: kuva muguhishura uburyo bwo guteranya ibikoresho bibiri bya - bya karubone bipima kuri microscale kugeza guteza imbere udushya mungufu, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nikoranabuhanga ryibidukikije kuri macroscale. Hamwe nogutezimbere uburyo bwo kwitegura (nko gukura mu buryo butaziguye impapuro nini ya - agace ka grafite ukoresheje imyuka iva mu bimera (CVD)) hamwe nandi majyambere mugushushanya gukora (nko guhindura imiterere ya elegitoronike ukoresheje doping ukoresheje azote cyangwa atome ya boron), biteganijwe ko impapuro za grafite zizakomeza kwagura imbibi zikoreshwa kandi zikaba kimwe mubikoresho by'ibanze bishyigikira impinduramatwara ya kane y’inganda.
